Откомпилировал исходник на рабочем столе, программа выполнилась нормально. noexec в fstab был, я его заменил на exec, результата никакого.
Сейчас fstab выглядит так:
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a
# device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices
# that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
proc /proc proc nodev,exec,nosuid 0 0
# / was on /dev/sda5 during installation
UUID=024c4325-e89d-42c1-a352-6127d0187147 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1
# /home was on /dev/sda7 during installation
UUID=69afb713-1c0a-4c74-b72b-33856e8e0602 /home ext4 defaults 0 2
# swap was on /dev/sda6 during installation
UUID=e6a6468f-482f-4b4b-be64-49026d37a1df none swap sw 0 0